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Eis que, há alguns dias, o blogueiro se depara, surpreso, com um extenso artigo publicado no jornal britânico The Guardian que explica, com base no mesmíssimo "método residual", como têm procedido os incorporadores britânicos para burlar o inclusionary zoning nacional, chamado affordable housing, assim contribuindo para reduzir a produção dessa classe de moradias de 53 mil em 2010 para 36 mil em 2014.
O leitor pode estar se perguntando: por que surpreso? Porque mesmo entre os estudiosos da recuperação do valor da terra, a sua natureza residual é um postulado muito mais recitado do que praticado. No Brasil, raríssimos estudos - se é que algum - sobre os CEPACs e a Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir tiram dele qualquer consequência de ordem prática ou teórica.
Assim sendo, o blogueiro tomou a liberdade de não apenas assinalar, no artigo, a descrição esquemática da formação do lucro imobiliário (renda do solo excedente ao lucro industrial "normal" da produção de unidades), como ilustrar, com esquemas gráficos derivados da "análise californiana", como funciona a mutreta antissocial dos incorporadores britânicos.
Não custa repetir: o único método de análise capaz de tornar inteligível e comparável o exame da valorização fundiária recuperada pela coletividade na indústria da incorporação - quer seja pela via das cotas obrigatórias de habitação "social", da imposição de obrigações urbanísticas ou da concessão onerosa de potencial construtivo (Outorga Onerosa e CEPACs) - é o residual dedutivo, ou involutivo, de avaliações imobiliárias, "espelho" do processo vivo de formação do valor residual da terra.
Deu no The Guardian online/cities
Por Oliver Wainwright 25-06-2015
http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/25/london-developers-viability-planning-affordable-social-housing-regeneration-oliver-wainwright?CMP=share_btn_fb
O leitor pode estar se perguntando: por que surpreso? Porque mesmo entre os estudiosos da recuperação do valor da terra, a sua natureza residual é um postulado muito mais recitado do que praticado. No Brasil, raríssimos estudos - se é que algum - sobre os CEPACs e a Outorga Onerosa do Direito de Construir tiram dele qualquer consequência de ordem prática ou teórica.
Assim sendo, o blogueiro tomou a liberdade de não apenas assinalar, no artigo, a descrição esquemática da formação do lucro imobiliário (renda do solo excedente ao lucro industrial "normal" da produção de unidades), como ilustrar, com esquemas gráficos derivados da "análise californiana", como funciona a mutreta antissocial dos incorporadores britânicos.
Não custa repetir: o único método de análise capaz de tornar inteligível e comparável o exame da valorização fundiária recuperada pela coletividade na indústria da incorporação - quer seja pela via das cotas obrigatórias de habitação "social", da imposição de obrigações urbanísticas ou da concessão onerosa de potencial construtivo (Outorga Onerosa e CEPACs) - é o residual dedutivo, ou involutivo, de avaliações imobiliárias, "espelho" do processo vivo de formação do valor residual da terra.
Deu no The Guardian online/cities
Por Oliver Wainwright 25-06-2015
http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/25/london-developers-viability-planning-affordable-social-housing-regeneration-oliver-wainwright?CMP=share_btn_fb
Revealed: how developers exploit flawed planning system to minimise affordable housing
(...) In the last decade, London has lost 8,000 social-rented homes. Under the Tory-led coalition, the amount of affordable housing delivered across the country fell by a third – from 53,000 homes completed in 2010 to 36,000 in 2014. Much of the reason lies hidden in these developers’ viability assessments and the dark arts of accounting, which have become all-powerful tools in the way our cities are being shaped.
It is a phenomenon, in the view of housing expert Dr Bob Colenutt at the University of Northampton, that “threatens the very foundations of the UK planning system”; a legalised practice of fiddling figures that represents “a wholesale fraud on the public purse”. What was once a statutory system predicated on ensuring the best use of land has become, in Colenutt’s and many other experts’ eyes, solely about safeguarding the profits of those who want to develop that land.
Under Section 106, also known as “planning gain”, developers are required to provide a certain proportion of affordable housing in developments of more than 10 homes, ranging from 35–50% depending on the local authority in question. Developers who claim their schemes are not commercially viable, when subject to these obligations, must submit a financial viability assessment explaining precisely why the figures don’t stack up.
In simple terms, this assessment takes the total costs of a project – construction, professional fees and profit – and subtracts them from the total projected revenue from selling the homes, based on current property values. What’s left over is called the “residual land value” – the value of the site once the development has taken place, which must be high enough to represent a decent return to the landowner.
It is therefore in the developer’s interest to maximise its projected costs and minimise the projected sales values to make its plans appear less profitable. With figures that generate a residual value not much higher than the building’s current value, the developer can wave “evidence” before the council that the project simply “can’t wash its face” if it has to meet an onerous affordable housing target – while all the time safeguarding their own profit.
According to Glasspool, the most striking thing about the Heygate viability assessment “is that it has nothing to do with the scheme’s viability at all, and everything to do with its profitability for the developer”. It is also all perfectly legal.
Within the pages of calculations, produced for Lend Lease by property agent Savills, the level of “acceptable” profit is fixed at 25% – a proportion that equates to around £300m. Southwark council commissioned an independent appraisal of this viability assessment from the government’s discrict valuer service (which was also revealed as part of the disclosure). The appraisal clearly highlights this 25% profit level as a concern, noting that “most development schemes when analysed following completion average out below 15%”. The difference represents more than £100m that could have been spent on affordable housing – yet the 25% profit level remains unchallenged.
A second concern was raised over the estimation of Elephant Park’s total value upon completion. The predicted sales values are set at an average of £600 per sq ft in the viability assessment, a figure it says is derived from “comparable” developments. Yet a close look at the appendix of these “comparable” schemes includes such properties as an ex-council flat in an estate on the fringes of Camberwell – a far cry from the glistening towers of Elephant Park.
On a recent visit to Lend Lease’s rustic sales cabin, I was greeted by a helpful assistant who said I’d have to hurry if I wanted to snap up one of the two remaining £2.5m penthouses in the One The Elephant development across the road, before handing me a price list for the new Elephant Park flats. They are currently selling for an average of more than £1,000 per sq ft: two-thirds more than the figure suggested in the viability assessment. In 10 years’ time, when the later phases are on the market, values are likely to have skyrocketed further. Yet the number of social units will remain at 74. (Continua) (Destaques do blogueiro)
Leia a íntegra do artigo do The Guardian clicando em
http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/25/london-developers-viability-planning-affordable-social-housing-regeneration-oliver-wainwright?CMP=share_btn_fb
2015-10-10